GSAS Profile Terms

GSAS offers 5 different Constant Wavelength (CW) X-ray profile functions. They are described in detail within the GSAS technical manual (see page 156). 11-BM users are encouraged to use either profile type 3 or type 4.

A quick reference guide to terms in the CW profile type 3 and 4 functions is given below after a brief introduction. Users are strongly encouraged to read this section of the GSAS manual at least once before (or after) blindly using this guide! The Powder Diffraction Crystallography Video lectures are also a great resource for both beginners and experts.

Pseudo-Voigt Profile Functions

These peak profile functions are a pseudo-Voigt type, combining Gaussian (G) and Lorentzian (L) components.

The general Gaussian shape (as a function of angle θ) is described by the Cagliotti function

Gaussian Profile ≈ U*tan2θ + V*tanθ + W + P/cos2θ

These U, V, W, and P variables match the GU, GV, GW, and GP profile terms you see below.

The Lorentzian shape is more complex (check the manual), but includes size and strain broadening terms.

Asymmetry, Zero-Shift and Related Terms

Asymmetry

Axial Divergence (i.e. low angle peak asymmetry) is modeled in GSAS profile types 3 & 4 with the Finger-Cox-Jephcoat model (see GSAS manual). The profile terms S/L & H/L describe the intrinsic instrument asymmetry for low angle (< 5 deg theta for 30 Kev 11-BM data), and is related to the goniometer radius, or distance from the sample to the detector (about ~1000 mm for 11-BM).

Most 11-BM users will not need to refine these terms from the default (1.2E-03) values included in 11-BM GSAS instrument parameter files. If your fit shows an asymmetric misfit to strong low angle peaks, my might try to refine, but never refine both simultaneously.

Transparency

This is the trns profile term describing the x-ray penetration depth into a flat plate sample . It should *only* be used for fitting flat-plate reflection geometry (Bragg-Brentano) powder diffraction data. Do *not* use for 11-BM data which is collected in a transmission geometry (Debye-Scherrer)

Displacement

This is the shft profile term describing vertical displacement of the flat plate sample . It should *only* be used for fitting flat-plate reflection geometry (Bragg-Brentano) powder diffraction data. Do *not* use for 11-BM data which is collected in a transmission geometry (Debye-Scherrer)

ZERO

Instead of trns or shft, 11-BM users should refine the 2&theta zero shift term "ZERO". This term is found in EXPGUI under the Histogram tab. It describes any shift (error) in the absolute 2theta "0" position for the data and is measured in units of centi-degrees (100*2θ).

GSAS users refining 11-BM data should refine this term near the end of a refinement to ensure the most accurate lattice parameters. Typical values for 11-BM might be in the range +/- 0.1 (i.e. 0.001 degrees).

Background Function

The background function type 1 (Chebyshev polynomial) is recommended. Use the minimum number of terms needed to fit the pattern background. Start with 3 or 4 terms, and increase as needed. Sometimes 10-20 tems are needed for complex backgrounds.

Just remember that the background also represents scattering from something (sample holders, air, sample?). Try to think about what may contributes to the background for your sample. This might contain valuable information.

Suggested Profile Types & Terms for Fitting 11-BM Data

11-BM users are encouraged to use the GSAS constant wavelength (CW) profile type 3 or type 4. Profile #4 is best for cases in which anisotropic terms are required.

11-BM users will not (usually!) need to change or refine the default 'G' terms given in the instrumental parameter file. For the high-resolution synchrotron powder data collected at 11-BM, the instrumental resolution is well described by Gaussian terms.

On the other hand, sample effects in 11-BM data, such as size and strain broadening are (usually!) best fit and refined using Lorentzian terms. Gaussian crystallite size broadening (GP) is *rarely* observed; this requires a very tight mono-disperse size distribution rarely encountered in powder samples (solid metal samples may be an exception).

Many 11-BM diffraction patterns can be well fit by refining only the LX (size), LY (strain) and anisotropic Lorentzian size & microstrain terms. Profile type 4 is recommended if the later are required.

For more info see a EXPGUI-GSAS Parameter tutorial video

Constant Wavelength X-ray GSAS Profile Type 3

GU = Gaussian U term	GV = Gaussian V term	GW = Gaussian W term
GP = Gaussian crystallite size broadening	LX = Lorentzian isotropic crystallite size broadening	LY = Lorentzian isotropic strain broadening
S/L = Axial Divergence S term	H/L = Axial Divergence H term	trns = Sample 'Transparency' (note 1)
shft = Sample 'Displacement' (note 1)	stec = Lorentzian anisotropic strain broadening (note 2)	ptec = Lorentzian anisotropic crystallite size broadening
sfec = Lorentzian sublattice anisotropic broadening (note 3)	LXX = Anisotropic Lorentzian microstrain (note 2)	LYY = Anisotropic Lorentzian microstrain (note 2)

Color denotes indicates terms 11-BM users should Refine (green) , Sometimes Refine (yellow) , and Not Refine (red)

• note 1: Do *not* use for 11-BM data, see above
• note 2: Better to use Profile Type #4 Anisotropic microstrain terms
• note 3: See GSAS Manual before using

Constant Wavelength X-ray GSAS Profile Type 4

GU = Gaussian U term	GV = Gaussian V term	GW = Gaussian W term
GP = Gaussian crystallite size broadening	' LX = Lorentzian isotropic crystallite size broadening	'ptec = Lorentzian anisotropic crystallite size broadening
trns = Sample 'Transparency' (note 1)	shft = Sample 'Displacement' (note 1)	sfec = Lorentzian sublattice anisotropic broadening (note 2)
S/L = Axial Divergence S term	H/L = Axial Divergence H term	eta = Gaussian-Lorentzian mixing factor (note 3)
'SXXX = Anisotropic microstrain broadening (Lorentzian) (note 4)	'SYYY = Anisotropic microstrain broadening (Lorentzian)	'SZZZ = Anisotropic microstrain broadening (Lorentzian)

Color denotes indicates terms 11-BM users should Refine (green) , Sometimes Refine (yellow) , and Not Refine (red)

• note 1: Do *not* use for 11-BM data, see above
• note 2: See GSAS Manual before using
• note 3: Changes pseudo-Voigt mix from pure Gaussian (eta=0) to pure Lorentzian (eta=1). Typical 11-BM data is fit well using (or at least starting with) eta = 1
• note 4: Number of Stephen's microstrain terms SXXX, SYYY etc changes with phase crystal symmetry (ie. a monoclinic phase will have more of these terms than a cubic symmetry phase)

Physical Meaning of Profile Terms

Some of the CW profile terms can be interpreted to give physically meaningful strain and particle size information. See the page 162 of GSAS technical manual for details

Particle size broadening

Using the isotropic LX profile term

then particle size = (18000*K*λ)/(π*LX)

where K = Scherrer constant (typically ~ 1), π = 3.1416

and size units are in Angstroms (Å), same units as wavelength (λ), typically ~ 0.41 Å for 11-BM data

Strain broadening

Strain is more difficult to quantify.

For profile type 3, using the isotropic LY term, then

isotropic strain (%) = 100% * LY * (π/18000)

For profile type 4, consult the GSAS manual. The anisotropic strain are best visualized using gnuplot. See the Robert Von Dreele's Rietveld Mailing List post from July 28th, 2011 below:

Q: What is the "best" order for incorporating GSAS profile 4 anisotropy Sxxx terms into a refinement?
A: Robert Von Dreele writes: "Usually, I do the S4xx ones first & then the others.
The thing is fairly stable after that. Do all of them at once in any case in the end.
The S4xx must be > 0 but the rest can be any sign. If you want a quick way of seeing the shape,
run mustrplot in GSAS; you'll need gnuplot to see the plot.
For monoclinics, it might look like two beans back-to-back."
-Bob

Example 11-BM Profile Fit and Terms

Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6) is used an X-ray powder diffraction profile standard because of its sharp peak shape.

Representative LaB6 data for 11-BM (high resolution powder XRD) can be downloaded from the 11-BM wiki:

https://wiki-ext.aps.anl.gov/ug11bm/index.php/Standards_Data

On the same Wiki page find more details about Instrument Parameter and Input Files, plus example fits to LaB6 data measured at 11-BM

Convert GSAS profile terms to Fullprof terms

11-BM provides users with instrument profiles terms for GSAS. Convert these values to Fullprof profile terms using the formulas below.

For more info see: "Typical values of Rietveld instrument profile coefficients" Kaduk J, Reid J. Powder Diffraction (2011) vol. 26 pp. 88

Gaussian Parameters

GSAS Term <=> Fullprof Term : (description)
GU = 1803.4 * U : (instrumental term, ~ tan^2 of theta)
GV = 1803.4 * V : (instrumental term, ~ tan of theta)
GW = 1803.4 * W : (instrumental term, ~ constant with theta)
GP = 1803.4 * IG : (size broadening)

note: 1083.4 => centidegrees squared divided by 8*ln(2)

Lorentzian Parameters

GSAS Term <=> Fullprof Term : (description)
LX = 100 * Y : (size broadening)
LY = 100 * X : (microstrain)

note: 100 => degrees to centidegrees

Finger-Cox-Jephcoat asymmetry parameters are equivalent in GSAS & Fullprof

GSAS S/L = Fullprof S_L
GSAS H/L = Fullprof D_L